Irrigation and drainage are part of water supply, which are seriously taken into consideration by specialists and experts due to lack of water resources. The efficient water use in agriculture and green space irrigation has recently been of focus because of modern developments in agriculture. From another level, the application of surface water and underground water drainage has been accompanied by more advances in order to make the best and efficient use of water resources in urban developments. There are two major points presented as follows: 3-1- irrigation networks 3-2- drainage networks ( surface and sub surface)
To efficiently use water resources in agriculture, irrigation projects are of primary importance and therefore these are prioritized in the official’s affairs. Water is mostly consumed in agriculture throughout the world so that a reduction in water consumption by using modern irrigation approaches plays a substantial role in water resource conservation. Irrigation utilities include structures for water storage, irrigation networks, etc. Irrigation networks are used to transfer and distribute water and collect additional water from irrigation as well as run-offs. Irrigation networks include open or close channels, channel lets, conduits. To improve irrigation efficiency, the outlet channel and irrigation performance are of great interest. Under pressure irrigations include drop and spray irrigation. Equipment of irrigation is various. It can involve a range from a simple conventional system to more advanced and self-control system. In irrigation studies, we discuss climate change, meteorology, geomorphology, geotechnique, botany, paleopedology, water characteristics, etc. In addition to using ...
Pumping stations are the heart of water and wastewater systems. There is a wide range of capacity considered for them, spanning small pumps which support one or two residential units and large pumping stations to convey substantial amounts of water and wastewater. To design them, knowledge given by different engineering fields are used that we can point structural, civil, mechanical, electrical, instrumentation, architectural, geotechnique, hydraulics and surveying engineering.
The quality and quantity of wastewater effluent for disposal reasons, given the receiving source are specifically important. Any receiving source has its own conditions to take the amount of effluent. Today, effluents in raw manner are absorbed by absorbing wells, rivers, seas. The treated effluents are used for irrigation purposes, industry applications, even in producing drinking water. The use of treated effluent is greatly focused attention and is considered to be a precious source of water supply, especially in regions where there is a lack of water resources. Today, this is a debatable issue in all the facilities where water is used. Studies conducted to reuse effluent contain a comprehensive study about the quality and quantity of effluent available. The conditions of effluent consumption depend on the requirement of quality and quantity as well as supply approaches. We study to choose the optimum method to reuse effluent in this area.
Water resources and environment are polluted due to untreated wastewater release and can cause irreparable damages to environment. Industrial wastewaters containing particular pollutants can double this damage. Although, wastewater can be naturally treated in environment, nature is not normally able to fully treat human-produced wastewaters in case of increasing wastewater volumes because of short limited time availability. Therefore, human has resulted that time of treatment is to be reduced by using different methods of treatment so that the environment is protected from damage. There are a wide variety of approaches to treat wastewater ranging from natural to innovative and advanced methods. Wastewater treatment plants are different in size; some are small package-based for house-hold purpose while others are large and mainly used for urban and industrial wastewater treatment purposes. Consulting engineers select and propose the optimum and appropriate alternative, in terms of economical, technical, and environmental factors by quality and quantity ...
In water circulatory system, after the process of producing and consuming water, wastewater collection is intended. Domestic or industrial wastewater is one of the pollution sources in environment, which is normally released in nature and can pollute the environment; that is, water, soil and air. a lack of water resources doubly necessitates the recirculation of water by collecting and treating wastewater and reuse of it. There are some different approaches to collect wastewater which are proposed by consulting engineers according to topography conditions, type of wastewater, the way of collection, accessible facilities and equipment. Gravity wastewater network is one of the most common ways for wastewater collection throughout the world. In some specific cases, to add head to wastewater and prevent from deepening the network, pumping or lift stations are used. Similar to water networks, there are various software programs in design of wastewater networks, which Sewer-Gems is one of them.
When we make micro-models, experimental pilots, maquette, we usually require specific segments, which are not generally produced before. Specific hydraulic-based segments and particular profiles usually made from composite or Plexiglas. when instrumentation and controlling device are also discussed, existing tools and sensors fail to have the intended efficiency or do not satisfy the expected functionality from the system. In some cases, software programs are needed to measure, control, send and receive data in terms of computer-based or mobile-based applications. Thus, design team is capable of designing the specific segment regarding all limitations and capabilities through experience and specialty. Once it is made, some tests are designed to examine it in order to provide reliability. These segments or equipment are often considered innovative.
Particular segments and 3-D solid bodies are sometimes required for making models, pilots, and maquette. Design and production of these are provided by technical team. We use software programs such as ….. for design of such segments and then 3-D printer machines are in charge of producing them. They can be used either exclusively or in a combination of other types of equipment.
Generally speaking, the results of experimental study in small scale are not directly generalized and applied to the reality and therefore semi-industrial pilots are of interest. Experimental studies are usually simplified due to some limitations as well as artificial patterns or materials (synthesis) are used to satisfy some of the given conditions. Thus, semi-industrial pilots or models are made to examine the real behavior of parameters resulted experimentally. These are assessed and tested in real conditions. The results obtained from the model can be applied to similar industrial cases.
Hydrodynamic maquettes and micro-models are similar to each other. As described in hydrodynamic maquette section, it might be possible to ignore scale and proportionality of maquettes to represent some processes and events. The main goal of micro-model construction is to extract physical, chemical, or biological parameters for use in larger scale. Thus, no change in dimension proportionality is possible and the small-scaled model should be scaled down according to specific requirements. Physical models designed for hydraulic studies are the larger scales of micro-models. Micro-models are intended for educational applications and assistances in schools, universities, and research centers. They can also be used in treatment plant entries to provide plant information to spectators and visitors as well as to utility forces. Micro-Model of Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant wastewater treatment plants are intended to be the main part of water reuse and recirculation into water network. There are different types of IWTP models in ...
Maquette is a small model used for modeling in engineering practices and represents another object, especially a larger one. It is used to represent a larger object to ordinary people and those who ask for a quick and short summery of a sketch. Maquettes are mainly statically and rigid-based structured and sometimes some moving bodies may be added, including using vehicles, boats, ships on water or sailing. Hydrodynamic maquettes are a combination of minimized structures or ambiance with dynamic or hydrodynamic motion which is the minor part of maquette and the major part of it is the structure’s motion or water. In the construction of hydrodynamic maquettes, a wide variety of engineering skills involving structure, architecture, electronics, instrumentation, automation, mechanics, chemistry, and robotics is used. Other skills might be needed if a new design is intended. It is aimed to emphasize the small scale aspect of maquette construction. However, to ...
Prior to plan and operate civil, water, and environmental works in industrial and large scale, it is important to examine the performance and process of projects in smaller scale to provide design parameters in the research steps. By development of software programs and numerical modeling, it is possible to obtain parameters for many processes. Given particular conditions, to model the behavior of living creatures (Bio) such as biological or biochemical processes and even in hydraulic and chemical conditions, it is required to make a small-scale model and then examine different conditions. This company intended to contribute researchers by designing and making laboratory pilots and provide facilities associated with real or industrial scales Membrane Bioreactor Pilot (MBR): MBR is a biological reactor with suspended biomass and micro membranes or ultra-filtration used for removing suspended solids from water or wastewater. Performance MBR pilot consists of aeration system, sucking pump, and flat sheets. Membranes used in flat ...
