Water from storage tanks are directed by transport pipelines to cities, villages, consuming centers, etc. then, distribution networks are intended to carry water to consumers.   Urban distribution networks are generally composed of  large diameter main, medium diameter , small diameter minor pipes. Hydraulic principles in design of  water distribution networks plays an important role in projects. Equilibrium in pressure and velocity of water in networks, control and online dispatching of networks, water quality controls in internal networks are also considered important.  There are different software programs used in water distribution networks that we can point out to Water-Gems application.

The supplied and treated water for use is to be stored. Storage tanks are used as water systems for different reasons.  Water storage tanks in small volumes are used in houses, industrial areas, villages and in giant volumes in mega cities.  These are mostly roofed and span volumes in liters to thousand cubic meters. They are made from different materials such as Polyethylene, FRP, metal, concrete, etc.  The optimized design of open storage tanks such as effluent tanks, agricultural or industrial tanks are made use the above mentioned materials. Tanks with smaller size situated in higher places are also used to supply pressure. Structural and architectural design of tanks and basins are intended in this section.  We use a wide variety of skills and professions including hydraulics, structural, geotechnique, mechanics, electrical engineering in design of storage tanks.

Transmission pipelines are in charge of transporting water from water resources or water treatment plants to where it can be used. Pipelines involve open or close gravity channels or gravity or under pressure pipelines. The choice of gravity or under pressure pipelines strongly depends on the earth topography. Also, the choice of the state of being open or close transport pipelines depends on different conditions including whether the water is raw or treated, environmental issues, likelihood of water pollution arbitrarily or purposefully. Generally in the design of pipelines, hydraulic considerations, costs associated with the channel construction or the choice of pipelines and transport path are of primary importance. Pumping stations are necessarily used to transport water from downstream to upstream points. It should be noted that technical issues related to the design and construction of them involving cost, maintenance, equipment supply, and water hammering phenomenon are importantly considered. The use of multiple-criteria ...

Generally speaking, water bodies are more likely exposed to natural pollutions and most of them are not suitable for drinking purposes. Even waters of springs and wells may be considered as pure and clean waters are at risk of getting polluted by natural pollutants such as Cyanide, Arsenic elements or human-made pollutants like Nitrate and microbial pollution, which are unable to be seen. Furthermore, water resources should be qualified after they are chosen and quantified.  They are then treated  in terms of the amount and type of pollution, if necessary. Wastewater treatment plants  range from large-scale domestic and industrial  plants, which are used to treat surface water for removal of turbidity and microbial pollution to small package-size ones which are located under  sinks. Size, volume, type of process and equipment employed  in these plants completely depend on the volume and type of pollutants. Thus, consulting engineers determine the type of treatment ...

Water supply is one of the most basic stages of water and wastewater studies. Due to limitations and a variety of water resources in an area, including; water resources such as rivers and dams Underground water resources such as aquifers, … Uncommon waters such as the reuse of wastewater, deep water, fossil water, water harvesting from air. We should determine various alternatives in water supply according to the quality and quantity of available and required water. Then a technical, economical, and environmental comparison among them should be made so that an optimum alternative can be introduced. We will also analyze different methods of  collecting water from water resources in these studies.

Human communities now feel more seriously concerned about environmental crises and lack of water resources. To solve such problems, environmental regulations should be made in developmental plans. Human and nature have a mutual relationship. Human exploits nature an attempts to take control of it in order to improve lifestyles and achieve his goals. Environment seriously influences human’s life and it might determine conditions which can severely pose threat to his convenience. Thus, environmental assessment study including assessment of developmental effects on environment becomes dramatically important. Water and wastewater projects are to be environmentally assessed. What’s really important is to consider some projects defined for environment conservation at first glance have posed risks and threats in a long-term period.

بحث آبیاری و زهکشی جزئی از چرخه آب است که با توجه به محدودیت‌های منابع آب، بیش از پیش مد نظر کارشناسان و متخصصین بخش آب قرار گرفته است. استفاده بهینه از آب برای کشاورزی و آبیاری فضای سبز در سال‌های اخیر با توسعه روش‌های برتر آبیاری ممکن شده است. از سوی دیگر زهکشی آبهای سطحی و زیرزمینی به منظور استفاده بهینه از منابع آب یا توسعه خدمات شهری، با پیشرفت همراه بوده است. در این گروه دو سرفصل اصلی مد نظر قرار می‌گیرد. 3-1- شبکه‌های آبیاری 3-2- شبکه‌های زهکشی(سطحی و زیرسطحی)

امروز مشکلات زیست محیطی و بهداشتی دفع غیربهداشتی فاضلاب بر کسی پوشیده نیست. از آن سو محدودیت‌های منابع آب باعث شده است بحث بازیافت آب و استفاده مجدد از پساب جایگاه ویژه‌ای در صنعت آب بدست آورد. روش‌های مختلف جمع‌آوری و دفع فاضلاب و استفاده مجدد از پساب بگونه‌است که انجام مطالعات در این بخش را بسیار ضروری می‌نماید. انجام مطالعات فنی، اقتصادی، زیست محیطی و بهداشتی و استفاده از الگوهای تصمیم‌گیری با معیارهای چند متغیره و چند هدفه، دستیابی به نتیجه‌ای قابل اعتماد‌تر و بهینه‌تر را فراهم کرده است. برای دفع فاضلاب یا استفاده مجدد از پساب نیز، زنجیره‌ای از تاسیسات وجود خواهد داشت که به قرار زیر خواهند بود. 2-1- شبکه جمع آوری و انتقال فاضلاب 2-2- تصفیه فاضلاب 2-3- استفاده مجدد از پساب 2-4- ایستگاه‌های پمپاژ

تامین آب مناسب برای استفاده انسانی یا غیرانسانی شامل سلسله فرآیندهایی است که با توجه به نوع مصرف، ساختار و ماهیت آن متغیر است. این زنجیره می‌بایست در کنار هم دیده شده و مورد بررسی و مطالعه قرار گیرد. عدم تحلیل و بررسی هر کدام از این بخش‌ها می‌تواند مشکلاتی را برای انسان یا محیط زیست بوجود آورد. لذا انجام مطالعات جامع جهت آبرسانی به مصرف کننده(انسان یا غیرانسان) ضرورتی اجتناب ناپذیر بوده و ارزیابی اثرات مختلف فنی، اقتصادی، زیست محیطی و بهداشتی، علاوه بر ایجاد شرایط پایدار در تامین آب، باعث کاهش مخاطرات و هزینه‌های مترتب بر انجام پروژه می‌گردد. عموما زنجیره تاسیسات آب بصورت زیر قابل تعریف می‌باشد. تامین آب تصفیه آب انتقال آب ذخیره آب توزیع آب